The Netherlands has played a special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy, and trade with the nation’s colonial empire was valuable in the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. Since the freedom of Indonesia in the late 1940s, the Dutch economy has been redirected from colonial trade to that with European nations; a diversified manufacturing base was created as employment in agriculture fell; and the nation became a major energy exporter as large deposits of natural gas were determined. In all these changes the national government played a major role, particularly by its economic planning. The government’s determine is great even though most firms are privately owned, because it distributes nearly half the Dutch national income. Also valuable in the economic growth of The Netherlands are the activities of a number of large private firms.

Since World War II The Netherlands has become a highly industrialized nation occupying a central position in the economic life of western Europe. Although agriculture accounts for a small %age of the national income and labour force, it remains a highly specialized contributor to Dutch exports. Because of the scarcity of mineral resources—with the valuable exception of natural gas—the nation is dependent on large imports of basic materials.The Netherlands has a market economy, but the state is a major participant in such corporations as The Netherlands Railways, the Dutch State Mines, The Royal Netherlands Blast Furnaces and Steel Works, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, and The Netherlands Natural Gas Company. The state thus has a direct, continuous determine on the management of some sectors of the economy and particularly on investment policy. The government also employs a substantial %age of the total labour force.

The Netherlands is a prosperous and open economy depending heavily on foreign trade. The economy is famous for stable industrial relations, moderate inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an valuable role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural area employs no more than 4% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the US and France. The Dutch economy has expanded by 3% or more in each of the last four years and real GDP growth is likely to be about 3.6% in 2001. The government in 2001 will implement its most comprehensive tax reform since World War II, designed to reduce high income tax levels and redirect the fiscal burden onto consumption. The Dutch were among the first 11 EU countries establishing the euro currency zone on 1 January 1999.

Population
	15,451,000
	(1995 estimate)
Population Density
	455 people/sq km
	(1,179 people/sq mi)
	(1995 estimate)
Urban/Rural Breakdown
	90%Urban
	10%Rural
Largest Cities
	Amsterdam724,096
	Rotterdam598,521
	The Hague445,279
	Utrecht234,106
	(1994 estimates)
Largest Metropolitan Areas
	Amsterdam1,101,407
	Rotterdam1,078,747
	The Hague694,249
	(1995 estimates)
Ethnic Groups
	95%Dutch
	5%Other
	including Asians, Moroccans, and Turks
Languages
Official Language
	Dutch
Other Languages
	Frisian, minority languages
Religions
	39%No Affiliation
	30%Roman Catholicism
	20%Protestantism (including 
	13% Dutch Reformed
	11% Other