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| Costa Rica | Introduction | Back to Top |
The nation's capital is San José. Costa Rica, republic in southern Central America, bordered on the north by Nicaragua, on the east by the Caribbean Sea, on the south-east by Panama, and on the south-west and west by the Pacific Ocean. The uncolonised and densely wooded tropical Cocos Island, about 480 km to the south-west in the Pacific Ocean, is under Costa Rican sovereignty. The total area of Costa Rica is 51,110 sq km.
Official Name- The Republic of Costa Rica| Costa Rica | Provinces | Back to Top |
7 provinces, Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose
| Costa Rica | People | Back to Top |
Costa Rica is famous for having the largest %age of Spanish population in Central America. The Meseta Central, with more than half the nation's population, is the most predominantly Spanish region in both its manner of living and its ancestry. Spanish is spoken with typical national accents and usages. In Central America, a Costa Rican is called a Tico, for Costa Ricans replace the diminutive ending -tito with -tico, a practice known elsewhere but uncommon in Central America.
People of African ancestry live mostly in the Caribbean lowland provincia of Limón, which contains overall about 7 % of Costa Rica's population. They are the descendants of workers brought from the West Indies to build railroads and raise bananas, and most of them speak both Spanish and a Jamaican style of English, the majority being descended from people who came from that island. There are also a substantial number of Chinese, many of whom are also the descendants of imported labourers.
| Costa Rica | History | Back to Top |
Human habitation of Costa Rica dates from at least 5000 bc, but in comparison with the great civilizations of pre-Columbian America the Native Americans of Costa Rica were neither numerous nor highly developed. When confronted by Spanish soldiers and missionaries, they resisted violently. Those who did not succumb to the epidemics that swept over the isthmus either died fighting or fled to remote areas. The political jurisdiction of the captain general of Guatemala and the spiritual guidance of the bishop of León in Nicaragua, Costa Rica was ignored by both administrations. The absence of great mines meant the collection of few taxes from the Ticos, as Costa Ricans called themselves; accordingly Spain provided little help in developing the infrastructure of the province.
In 1502 Christopher Columbus' fourth Atlantic voyage brought him to the shores of Costa Rica, where he remained for 18 days refitting his ships. Relations with the natives became friendly enough that they brought him a number of items of gold, possibly prompting Columbus to name the land “valuable Coast,” although there is some dispute over the origin of the name. Other more promising regions forced Spain to neglect the area, and the few Spanish colonists clung to the coast for 60 years. In 1564 the Spanish crown accomplished the Meseta Central village of Cartago as the first permanent settlement.
| Costa Rica | Culture | Back to Top |
Most Costa Rican diversions are cosmopolitan rather than nationalistic in nature. The people attend films with great frequency, enjoying international cinema. They listen to an extraordinary mixture of music, particularly from the many radio stations in the nation. Residents of the Meseta Central attend the National Theatre, where the music played and the drama performed may come from any part of the world. Costa Ricans take a strong interest in their pre-Columbian art, which includes large statues from the Pacific northwest, smaller examples of carved relief in stone from other districts, and some fine work done in the form of small objects of gold. Samples of all these may be seen in the national museum. Guayabo National Park, near Turrialba, features the nation's only preserved pre-Columbian archaeological site. Genuine colonial architecture is rather scarce, the most famed example being a 17th-century mission in Orosí. Cartago's older buildings, destroyed by earthquakes, have in some cases been restored; new ones like them have also been built. Among the folk arts, Costa Rica is most famous for its highly decorative oxcarts.
Costa Ricans take a strong interest in their pre-Columbian art, which includes large statues from the Pacific northwest, smaller examples of carved relief in stone from other districts, and some fine work done in the form of small objects of gold. Samples of all these may be seen in the national museum. Guayabo National Park, near Turrialba, features the nation's only preserved pre-Columbian archaeological site. Genuine colonial architecture is rather scarce, the most famed example being a 17th-century mission in Orosí. Cartago's older buildings, destroyed by earthquakes, have in some cases been restored; new ones like them have also been built. Among the folk arts, Costa Rica is most famous for its highly decorative oxcarts.
| Costa Rica | Life | Back to Top |
A majority of the people of Costa Rica are of European descent. Whites and mestizos people of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry account for about 96 % of the population; the small black community is largely of Jamaican origin. About 50 % of the population is defined as rural. Spanish is the official language, but English is also spoken by many educated people and some of the ethnic Jamaicans. Roman Catholicism is the state religion, but freedom of worship is guaranteed by the constitution.
| Costa Rica | Land | Back to Top |
Two mountain chains together run almost the entire length of Costa Rica. These are, in the north, the Cordillera Volcánica, famous, as the name implies, for its volcanic activity, and, in the south, the Cordillera de Talamanca. The Cordillera Volcánica may be separated into three ranges: from northwest to southeast, the Cordillera de Guanacaste, the Cordillera de Tilarán, and the Cordillera Central. The Cordillera de Talamanca is a massive granite batholith, quite different geologically from the volcanically active northern ranges. Costa Rica's highest point is Mount Chirripó, in the Talamanca system, at 12,533 feet. Two of the highest peaks in the Cordillera Volcánica, Irazú-11,260 feet and Poás-8,871 feet, have paved roads reaching to the rims of their active craters. These volcanoes overlook the densely populated upland basin called the Meseta Central, and they pose a serious natural hazard, as do earthquakes for most parts of the nation.
| Costa Rica | Plants and Animal | Back to Top |
Wildlife is extensive and includes puma, jaguar, deer, monkeys, and 850 species of birds.
| Costa Rica | Economy | Back to Top |
The economy of Costa Rica remains basically agricultural, although manufacturing industries have been expanding since the early 1960s. In an effort to introduce economic variety, more emphasis has been given to the raising of farm animal. Overall living conditions are high by Latin American standards, and the nation has a large middle class. Between 1970 and 1987, Costa Rica received about $1.22 billion in loans and grants from the United States. In 1998 annual budget figures showed revenues of $ 2.9 billion and expenditures of $ 3 billion. Costa Rica is neither valuable, as its name "Valuable Coast" implies, nor as poor as many of its neighbours. The nation's wealth is better distributed among all social classes than elsewhere in Central America. Through the 1980s, the standard of living declined somewhat as a result of economic stagnation and inflation, and Costa Rica lost to Panama its place as the Central American nation with the highest per capita gross national product.
Costa Rica's basically stable economy depends on tourism, agriculture, and electronics exports. Poverty has been substantially reduced over the past 15 years, and a strong social safety net has been put into place. Foreign investors remain attracted by the nation's political stability and high education levels, and tourism continues to bring in foreign exchange. orthodox export sectors have not kept pace. Low coffee prices and an overabundance of bananas have hurt the agricultural sector. The government continues to grapple with its large deficit and massive internal debt and with the need to modernize the state-owned electricity and telecommunications sector.
| Costa Rica | Communications | Back to Top |
general assessment: very good domestic telephone service domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available international: connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); two submarine cables (1999)
| Costa Rica | Languages | Back to Top |
Spanish is the official language, but English is also spoken by many educated people and some of the ethnic Jamaicans. Roman Catholicism is the state religion, but freedom of worship is guaranteed by the constitution.
| Costa Rica | Politics | Back to Top |
Agricultural Labor Action or PALA [Carlos Alberto SOLIS Blanco]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Jose M. NUNEZ]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Alejandro MADRIGAL]; National Independent Party or PNI [Jorge GONZALEZ Marten]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Sonia PICADO]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis Manuel CHACON] Note: mainly a two-party system - PUSC and PLN; numerous small parties share less than 26% of population's support Political pressure groups and leaders: Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate); Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association of Educators or ANDE; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert Brown]
| Costa Rica | Government | Back to Top |
Costa Rica is a republic governed under a constitution of 1949.
| Costa Rica | Legal | Back to Top |
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction vote: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory administrator branch: chief of state: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (since 8 May 1998); First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio (since 8 May 1998), Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito -May 1998); note - president is both the chief of state and head of government Head of government: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ-May 1998; First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio -May 1998, Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito-May 1998); note - president is both the chief of state and head of government Cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president Elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa with 57 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms. Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Corte Suprema -22 justices are elected for eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly.
| Costa Rica | organization | Back to Top |
BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
| Costa Rica | Education | Back to Top |
Costa Rica has one of the highest rates of literacy in Latin America, around at 98 %. Primary and secondary education is free, and attendance is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 18. In 1998, 529,638 pupils were listed in 3,712 primary schools and 202,400 students attended public and private secondary schools. The prominent University of Costa Rica, in San José, was founded in 1843, and has an annual enrollment of about 29,000.
| Costa Rica | Defence | Back to Top |
Military branches: Coast Guard, Air Section, Ministry of Public Security Force -Fuerza Publica
Note: Costa Rica has no military, only domestic police forces, including the Coast Guard and Air Section
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,035,090 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 692,973 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 39,411 (2001 est.)
| Costa Rica | International Disputes | Back to Top |
legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on border with Nicaragua
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| Costa Rica | Time | Back to Top |
| Costa Rica | Currency and General Information | Back to Top |
| Costa Rica Colones | United States Dollars |
| 1 CRC | 0.00285919 USD |
| 349.750 CRC | 1 USD |
| Countries Currency Unit | USD/Unit | Units/USD | |
| DZD | Algeria Dinars | 0.0129554 | 77.1877 |
| USD | United States Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| ARS | Argentina Pesos | 0.341293 | 2.93004 |
| AUD | Australia Dollars | 0.533413 | 1.87472 |
| ATS | Austria Schillings ** | 0.0632609 | 15.8076 |
| BSD | Bahamas Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| BBD | Barbados Dollars | 0.502513 | 1.99000 |
| BEF | Belgium Francs ** | 0.0215788 | 46.3417 |
| BMD | Bermuda Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| BRL | Brazil Reals | 0.430318 | 2.32386 |
| GBP | United Kingdom Pounds | 1.42399 | 0.702251 |
| BGL | Bulgaria Leva | 0.447293 | 2.23567 |
| CAD | Canada Dollars | 0.627606 | 1.59336 |
| CLP | Chile Pesos | 0.00152392 | 656.202 |
| CNY | China Yuan Renminbi | 0.120813 | 8.27726 |
| CYP | Cyprus Pounds | 1.49883 | 0.667186 |
| CZK | Czech Republic Koruny | 0.0281883 | 35.4758 |
| DKK | Denmark Kroner | 0.117155 | 8.53568 |
| XCD | East Caribbean Dollars | 0.370370 | 2.70000 |
| EGP | Egypt Pounds | 0.217271 | 4.60255 |
| EUR | Euro | 0.870489 | 1.14878 |
| FJD | Fiji Dollars | 0.447227 | 2.23600 |
| FIM | Finland Markkaa ** | 0.146406 | 6.83034 |
| FRF | France Francs ** | 0.132705 | 7.53550 |
| DEM | Germany Deutsche Marks ** | 0.445074 | 2.24682 |
| XAU | Gold Ounces | 301.977 | 0.00331151 |
| GRD | Greece Drachmae ** | 0.00255463 | 391.447 |
| HKD | Hong Kong Dollars | 0.128215 | 7.79939 |
| HUF | Hungary Forint | 0.00358416 | 279.006 |
| ISK | Iceland Kronur | 0.00999868 | 100.013 |
| INR | India Rupees | 0.0205205 | 48.7319 |
| IDR | Indonesia Rupiahs | 0.000102055 | 9,798.61 |
| IEP | Ireland Pounds ** | 1.10529 | 0.904738 |
| ILS | Israel New Shekels | 0.212386 | 4.70841 |
| ITL | Italy Lire ** | 0.000449570 | 2,224.35 |
| JMD | Jamaica Dollars | 0.0210041 | 47.6099 |
| JPY | Japan Yen | 0.00754183 | 132.594 |
| JOD | Jordan Dinars | 1.41057 | 0.708931 |
| LBP | Lebanon Pounds | 0.000660937 | 1,513.00 |
| LUF | Luxembourg Francs ** | 0.0215788 | 46.3417 |
| MYR | Malaysia Ringgits | 0.263330 | 3.79751 |
| MXN | Mexico Pesos | 0.111007 | 9.00848 |
| NZD | New Zealand Dollars | 0.440474 | 2.27028 |
| NOK | Norway Kroner | 0.113022 | 8.84780 |
| NLG | Netherlands Guilders ** | 0.395011 | 2.53158 |
| PKR | Pakistan Rupees | 0.0166945 | 59.9000 |
| PHP | Philippines Pesos | 0.0196386 | 50.9202 |
| XPT | Platinum Ounces | 510.962 | 0.00195709 |
| PLN | Poland Zlotych | 0.243488 | 4.10699 |
| PTE | Portugal Escudos ** | 0.00434198 | 230.310 |
| ROL | Romania Lei | 0.0000303433 | 32,956.21 |
| RUR | Russia Rubles | 0.0321342 | 31.1195 |
| SAR | Saudi Arabia Riyals | 0.266668 | 3.74998 |
| XAG | Silver Ounces | 4.65692 | 0.214734 |
| SGD | Singapore Dollars | 0.542540 | 1.84318 |
| SKK | Slovakia Koruny | 0.0208441 | 47.9751 |
| ZAR | South Africa Rand | 0.0883340 | 11.3207 |
| KRW | South Korea Won | 0.000759354 | 1,316.91 |
| ESP | Spain Pesetas ** | 0.00523174 | 191.141 |
| XDR | IMF Special Drawing Rights | 1.24862 | 0.800882 |
| SDD | Sudan Dinars | 0.00384615 | 260.000 |
| SEK | Sweden Kronor | 0.0964189 | 10.3714 |
| CHF | Switzerland Francs | 0.593789 | 1.68410 |
| TWD | Taiwan New Dollars | 0.0286531 | 34.9002 |
| THB | Thailand Baht | 0.0230087 | 43.4619 |
| TTD | Trinidad and Tobago Dollars | 0.163399 | 6.12000 |
| TRL | Turkey Liras | 0.000000763622 | 1,309,549.07 |
| VEB | Venezuela Bolivares | 0.00108696 | 920.000 |
| ZMK | Zambia Kwacha | 0.000239866 | 4,169.00 |
| Costa Rica : Geographic coordinates | 10 00 N, 84 00 |
| Costa Rica : Population growth rate | 1.65% |
| Costa Rica : Birth rate | 20.27 births/1,000 population |
| Costa Rica : Death rate | 4.3 deaths/1,000 population |
| Costa Rica : People living with HIV/AIDS | 12,000 |
| Costa Rica : Independence | 15 September 1821 |
| Costa Rica : National holiday | 15 September 1821 |
| Costa Rica : Constitution | 7 November 1949 |
| Costa Rica : GDP | purchasing power parity - $25 billion |
| Costa Rica : GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $6,700 |
| Costa Rica : Electricity - consumption | 5.303 billion kWh |
| Costa Rica : Exports | $6.1 billion coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic components, medical equipment |
| Costa Rica : Imports | $5.9 billion raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum |
| Costa Rica : Telephones | 450,000 |
| Costa Rica : Mobile cellular | 143,000 |
| Costa Rica : Radio broadcast stations | AM 50, FM 43, shortwave 19 |
| Costa Rica : Radios | 980,000 |
| Costa Rica : Television broadcast stations | 6 |
| Costa Rica : Televisions | 525,000 |
| Costa Rica : Internet country code | .cr |
| Costa Rica : Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 3 |
| Costa Rica : Internet users | 150,000 |
| Costa Rica : Railways | 950 km |
| Costa Rica : Highways | 37,273 km |
| Costa Rica : Waterways | 730 km |
| Costa Rica : Pipelines | petroleum products 176 km |
| Costa Rica : Ports and harbors | Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puerto Limon, Puerto Quepos, Puntarenas |
| Costa Rica : Merchant marine | 1 ship |
| Costa Rica : Airports | 152 |
| Costa Rica : Heliports | N/A |
| Costa Rica : Military branches | Coast Guard, Air Section, Ministry of Public Security Force |
| Costa Rica : Military expenditures | $69 million |